{"id":2,"date":"2024-11-07T13:51:09","date_gmt":"2024-11-07T12:51:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2025-02-06T13:50:23","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T12:50:23","slug":"tulenoviti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/tulenoviti\/","title":{"rendered":"Tule\u0148ovit\u00ed"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tule\u0148ovit\u00ed<\/strong> (Phocidae) jsou nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u017eivotu ve vod\u011b nejl\u00e9pe p\u0159izp\u016fsobenou \u010deled\u00ed<\/a> ploutvono\u017ec\u016f<\/a> (Pinnipedia). O co dokonaleji se pohybuj\u00ed ve vod\u011b, o to v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed maj\u00ed probl\u00e9my s pohybem na sou\u0161i. Nemohou v\u016fbec podsouvat zadn\u00ed kon\u010detiny pod t\u011blo a tak se pohybuj\u00ed jen plazen\u00edm po b\u0159i\u0161e. Krom\u011b toho ji\u017e \u00fapln\u011b ztratili u\u0161n\u00ed boltce<\/a>, co\u017e je p\u016fvod jejich anglick\u00e9ho ozna\u010den\u00ed earless seals<\/em> \u2013 bezu\u0161\u00ed tuleni.<\/p>

V t\u00e9to \u010deledi je 19 \u017eij\u00edc\u00edch druh\u016f<\/a> ve 2 pod\u010deled\u00edch Monachinae<\/a> a Phocinae<\/a>. \u010ce\u0161tina<\/a> m\u00e1 zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed jm\u00e9no jen pro rody \u010depcol<\/a> (Cystophora<\/em>) a rypou\u0161<\/a> (Mirounga<\/em>), ostatn\u00ed pojmenov\u00e1v\u00e1 spole\u010dn\u00fdm jm\u00e9nem tule\u0148, kter\u00fd zavedl Jan Svatopluk Presl<\/a>.[1]<\/a><\/sup> U tulen\u011b karibsk\u00e9ho<\/a> (Monachus tropicalis<\/em>) se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee byl okolo roku 1952<\/a> vyhuben. V mytologii se tuleni objevuj\u00ed jako tzv. selkie<\/a> \u2013 bytosti, kter\u00e9 \u017eij\u00ed jako tuleni v mo\u0159i, ale kdy\u017e si svl\u00e9knou k\u016f\u017ei<\/a>, st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se lidmi<\/a> na pevnin\u011b<\/a>.<\/p>

Popis<\/h2>

Tule\u0148ovit\u00ed mohou dor\u016fstat velikosti od 1,2 m (tule\u0148 bajkalsk\u00fd<\/a>) do 6 m (rypou\u0161 slon\u00ed<\/a>). Jejich hmotnost se pohybuje v rozmez\u00ed 65\u20134000 kg. Samice a samec se v\u011bt\u0161inou velikostn\u011b neli\u0161\u00ed, v\u00fdjimku p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed \u010depcol<\/a> a rypou\u0161i<\/a> s v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm velikostn\u00edm pohlavn\u00edm dimorfismem<\/a>.[2]<\/a><\/sup> Snad nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm znakem tule\u0148ovit\u00fdch je, \u017ee jejich zadn\u00ed ploutve sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed trvale dozadu a tule\u0148ovit\u00ed je nemohou oto\u010dit dop\u0159edu, co\u017e zna\u010dn\u011b limituje jejich pohyb na sou\u0161i, proto\u017ee ocasn\u00ed ploutve nemohou podsunout pod t\u011blo. P\u0159edn\u00ed ploutve zase nejsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vyvinut\u00e9, tak\u017ee nepom\u00e1haj\u00ed tule\u0148\u016fm v podpo\u0159e t\u011bla na sou\u0161i tak, jako je tomu u mro\u017e\u016f nebo lachtanovit\u00fdch, jejich\u017e p\u0159edn\u00ed ploutve jsou mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Tule\u0148ovit\u00ed se tak po sou\u0161i pohybuj\u00ed jen velmi neobratn\u011b s pomoc\u00ed kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edsun\u016f, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b p\u0159\u00edskok\u016f. Ve vod\u011b jsou v\u0161ak tule\u0148ovit\u00ed abnorm\u00e1ln\u011b schopn\u00fdmi a rychl\u00fdmi plavci, kte\u0159\u00ed nemaj\u00ed mezi ostatn\u00edmi ploutvono\u017eci konkurenci. Pohyb pod vodou zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed st\u0159\u00eddav\u00fdmi pohyby zadn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti t\u011bla, pro\u010de\u017e maj\u00ed tule\u0148ovit\u00ed velmi dob\u0159e vyvinutou svalovinu kolem p\u00e1te\u0159e. Zadn\u00ed ploutve slou\u017e\u00ed jako kormidlo a p\u0159edn\u00ed ploutve k udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy.[3]<\/a><\/sup>[2]<\/a><\/sup> K dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m znak\u016fm, kter\u00e9 tule\u0148ovit\u00e9 jasn\u011b odli\u0161uj\u00ed od lachtanovit\u00fdch, je absence u\u0161n\u00edch boltc\u016f (u\u0161n\u00ed otvor chr\u00e1n\u00ed jen z\u00e1hyb k\u016f\u017ee) a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed varlat<\/a> uvnit\u0159 t\u011bla.[4]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>

Ploutve lemuj\u00ed dob\u0159e vyvinut\u00e9 dr\u00e1py. Mohou m\u00edt 26\u201334 zub\u016f<\/a>, dominantn\u00ed jsou dlouh\u00e9 \u0161pi\u010d\u00e1ky, stoli\u010dky sekodontn\u00edho typu jsou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 stejn\u00e9. Srst<\/a> dosp\u011blce je kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 tuh\u00e1 se \u0161patn\u011b vyvinutou podsadou, tepelnou izolaci<\/a> zaji\u0161\u0165uje siln\u00e1 vrstva podko\u017en\u00edho tuku<\/a>. Ml\u00e1\u010fata maj\u00ed jemnou chundelatou srst. Kolem \u010dum\u00e1ku a o\u010d\u00ed se nach\u00e1z\u00ed vibrisy<\/a>.<\/p>

Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a habitat<\/h2>

Tule\u0148ovit\u00ed jsou \u0161iroce roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ve v\u0161ech sv\u011btov\u00fdch oce\u00e1nech s v\u00fdjimkou Indick\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu<\/a>. Zat\u00edmco n\u011bkter\u00e9 druhy se rozmno\u017euj\u00ed na b\u0159ehu, v\u011bt\u0161ina ostatn\u00edch druh\u016f se rozmno\u017euje na ledu. V tomto ohledu je unik\u00e1tn\u00ed tule\u0148 ku\u017eelozub\u00fd<\/a>, kter\u00fd se rozmno\u017euje bu\u010f na ledu nebo na sou\u0161i. Na severn\u00ed polokouli se vyskytuje n\u011bkolik sladkovodn\u00edch populac\u00ed. \u010cist\u011b sladkovodn\u00edm druhem je tule\u0148 bajkalsk\u00fd<\/a>; u tulen\u011b krou\u017ekovan\u00e9ho<\/a> jsou sladkovodn\u00edmi poddruhy subsp. ladogensis<\/em> z rusk\u00e9ho Lado\u017esk\u00e9ho jezera<\/a> a subsp. saimensis<\/em> z finsk\u00e9ho jezera Saimaa<\/a>; kone\u010dn\u011b tule\u0148 obecn\u00fd<\/a> subsp. mellonae<\/em> ob\u00fdv\u00e1 sladk\u00e1 jezera severn\u00edho Qu\u00e9becu<\/a>.<\/p>

Biologie a ekologie<\/h2>

Tule\u0148ovit\u00ed jsou velmi dob\u0159e p\u0159izp\u016fsobeni pohybu ve vod\u011b a dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed s vynalo\u017een\u00edm minim\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1mahy uplavat obrovsk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti. Pod vodou dokonce i sp\u00ed<\/a> a jen pro n\u00e1dech v pravideln\u00fdch intervalech vyplouvaj\u00ed na hladinu. Oproti lachtanovit\u00fdm tr\u00e1v\u00ed tule\u0148ovit\u00ed na mo\u0159i v\u00edce \u010dasu, plavou pomaleji a pot\u00e1p\u00ed se na del\u0161\u00ed dobu do v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch hloubek. Ke druh\u016fm, kter\u00e9 se dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed potopit do hloubek p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00edch 1 km, pat\u0159\u00ed rypou\u0161 slon\u00ed<\/a>, rypou\u0161 severn\u00ed<\/a> a \u010depcol h\u0159ebenat\u00fd<\/a>. Jejich p\u0159irozen\u00fdmi nep\u0159\u00e1teli jsou \u010dlov\u011bk<\/a>, kosatka drav\u00e1<\/a> a velk\u00e9 druhy \u017eralok\u016f<\/a>.<\/p>

Potrava<\/h3>

Typ po\u017e\u00edran\u00e9 potravy se li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislost na druhu, populaci, lokalit\u011b, dostupnosti i v\u011bku. V\u011bt\u0161inou se \u017eiv\u00ed rybami<\/a> nebo mo\u0159sk\u00fdmi bezobratl\u00fdmi jako jsou hlavono\u017eci<\/a>, krakatice<\/a>, krill<\/a> nebo r\u016fznono\u017eci<\/a>. U ml\u00e1\u010fat n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f (tule\u0148 gr\u00f3nsk\u00fd<\/a>, tule\u0148 krou\u017ekovan\u00fd) i u dosp\u011bl\u00fdch tule\u0148\u016f leopard\u00edch<\/a> hraje v jejich j\u00eddeln\u00ed\u010dku d\u016fle\u017eitou roli zooplankton<\/a>. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b drav\u00fd druh tule\u0148 leopard\u00ed lov\u00ed i mo\u0159sk\u00e9 pt\u00e1ky<\/a>, tu\u010d\u0148\u00e1ky<\/a>, jin\u00e9 ploutvono\u017ece nebo dokonce i \u017eraloky. U tulen\u011b ku\u017eelozub\u00e9ho byl pozorov\u00e1n kanibalismus<\/a>. Aktivn\u00ed jsou ve dne i v noci a pod vodou se orientuj\u00ed nejen zrakem<\/a>, ale i sluchem<\/a> a hmatov\u00fdmi smysly, kter\u00e9 zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1vaj\u00ed vibrisy. V divok\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b byly dokonce pozorov\u00e1ny p\u0159\u00edpady slep\u00fdch tule\u0148\u016f, co\u017e napov\u00edd\u00e1, \u017ee jejich vibrisy p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd smysl.<\/p>

Rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>
\"\"\/<\/a>
Tule\u0148 Weddel\u016fv<\/a> s ml\u00e1d\u011btem<\/figcaption><\/figure>

Tule\u0148ovit\u00ed dok\u00e1\u017e\u00ed dlouho hladov\u011bt, co\u017e vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b p\u0159i rozmno\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy samice p\u0159ed porodem vylezou na sou\u0161 a zde pak z\u016fstanou a koj\u00ed sv\u00e1 ml\u00e1\u010fata. Ve\u0161kerou energii a l\u00e1tky pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 pro tvorbu ml\u00e9ka<\/a> mohou br\u00e1t jen ze sv\u00fdch \u010dasto mohutn\u00fdch tukov\u00fdch z\u00e1sob<\/a>. Jedna samice v\u011bt\u0161inou neu\u017eiv\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e jedno ml\u00e1d\u011b. D\u00e9lka kojen\u00ed trv\u00e1 4\u201350 dn\u016f v z\u00e1vislosti na druhu a obecn\u011b je krat\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e u lachtanovit\u00fdch. Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 doba laktace je vysoce intenzivn\u00ed d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee samice produkuj\u00ed extra tu\u010dn\u00e9 mate\u0159sk\u00e9 ml\u00e9ko a z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v dob\u011b laktace spolu s ml\u00e1d\u011btem, kter\u00e9 se tak m\u016f\u017ee velmi \u010dasto kojit. Obsah tuku v mate\u0159sk\u00e9m ml\u00e9ku dosahuje kolem 50\u201360\u00a0%, n\u011bkdy i v\u00edce. Ml\u00e1\u010fata d\u00edky n\u011bmu zn\u011bkolikan\u00e1sob\u00ed svou v\u00e1hu b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika t\u00fddn\u016f.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tule\u0148ovit\u00ed (Phocidae) jsou nejpo\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a \u017eivotu ve vod\u011b nejl\u00e9pe p\u0159izp\u016fsobenou \u010deled\u00ed ploutvono\u017ec\u016f (Pinnipedia). O co dokonaleji se pohybuj\u00ed ve vod\u011b, o to v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed maj\u00ed probl\u00e9my s pohybem na sou\u0161i. Nemohou v\u016fbec podsouvat zadn\u00ed kon\u010detiny pod t\u011blo a tak se pohybuj\u00ed jen plazen\u00edm po b\u0159i\u0161e. Krom\u011b toho ji\u017e \u00fapln\u011b ztratili u\u0161n\u00ed boltce, co\u017e je p\u016fvod jejich […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25,"href":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2\/revisions\/25"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/web.svarc.school\/vib\/rihoskova\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}